Sophocles (496 - 406 BC), the Greek poet and tragedian, claimed that dice were invented by the Greek, Palamedes, during the siege of Troy. Herodotus (b. 484 BC?), historian and acquaintance of Sophocles, said they were invented by the Lydians of Asia Minor. But dice date back further than this. Egyptian tombs, dated to 2000 BC, have been found containing dice and dice reputedly dated to 6000 BC have been uncovered in archaeological excavations.  Dice were developed independently by many ancient cultures all over the world and did not simply  originate and spread from any one place.  

 

In ancient times the throw of a dice was not just considered to be luck, the outcome was believed to be controlled by the gods and casting dice was a way of dividing inheritances, choosing rulers and as a method of prediction. The Roman goddess, Fortuna, daughter of Zeus (known to gamblers as Lady Luck), was believed to determine the outcome of a throw.

 

Before standard cubical dice became common, ancient peoples would use fruit stones, sets of flat sticks, sea shells, nut shells and pebbles to get random results for games.  These were probably adopted from witch doctors and shaman who would throw them to gain insight and knowledge of the unknown and things to come.  Fortune telling is still practiced with standard dice to this day.

 

Animal knucklebones were the next step in the evolution of dice.  The Greeks and Romans used sheep anklebones as well as the more developed cubical spotted dice.  The Romans called the four-sided anklebones Tali or Astaragali and the standard six-sided dice Tesserae.  The Arab word for knucklebones is the same word they use for dice.  Playing with dice is still known as "rolling the bones" to this day.       

 

Of course games have been played with dice from their early beginnings. The first were probably simple racing games and have been lost to history. The pharaohs of ancient Egypt were portrayed playing with dice and both the Romans and Greeks were keen dice players.  Roman Emperors notoriously played and gambled with dice compulsively.  Dice games are known to have been popular in Europe during the Middle Ages when French academics taught them to their students.  In England, Richard the Lion Heart and King John both gambled with dice and King Henry VIII lost the bells of old St Paul's church on a throw. Dice games have been played in English inns since at least the 15th century.

 

Dominoes descended from dice in China and spread to the west during the 18th century while standard ordinary dice became the vital component of a vast array of commercial board games in the 19th and 20th centuries.  In recent times polyhedral dice have gained widespread popularity with modern technological advances in plastic moulding . 

 

Whether it's the old standard six-sided cube with spots or the latest polyhedral shape, dice are still the game players most vital, versatile and treasured piece of equipment.

 

The dice are the oldest gambling tools. According to Scarne’s research, the dice and the games associated with them can be found all over the ancient world. Roman Emperors Augustin, Nero and Caligula were devoted dice players. They even tried to cheat at the game. Modern looking cubical die was found in Egypt and it was dated at 600 B.C. Indian ancient epic "Mahabharata" tells the stories about the warriors throwing the dice and loosing fortunes. Koreans were also big fans of the dice in the early days. American Indians used four-sided knucklebones to create their dice games. The fact that Arabic language uses the same word for a knucklebone and a die means that the dice were popular in Arab world for a longer time that anybody can remember.

 

The origin of the dice can be traced to a prehistoric time when a primordial fortuneteller used to throw sacred arrows, bones, sticks and stones upon the ground trying to predict the future for his tribe. Before they became gambling devices, the dice were a shaman’s attributes. After that they went through a long evolution of shape, size, form and markings. They were made of wood, stones, bones, animal teeth and horns, nutshells and seeds. In Greek and Roman civilizations the dice were made of more expensive materials like ivory, precious stones and metals, and porcelain. The material for modern casino dice (perfect dice) is hard cellulose. The dice edges are razor sharp, and the corners are needle sharp. The cellulose is transparent to avoid dice loading.

 

The history of the dice and the dice games in general is few thousands years old. However, the history of modern craps is a lot shorter – only hundred years old. The direct predecessor of modern craps was an english game of "Hazard". There is historical evidence that it was played by the soldiers in twelfth century during the Third Crusade, led by the three most powerful kings of Western Europe: Frederick Barbarossa of The Holy Roman Empire, Philip Augustus of France and Richard The

 

Lion-Heart of England. Hazard was probably created long before the crusaders. It is possible that the first English settlers on "Mayflower" brought it to America.

 

English Hazard became very popular in New Orleans around 1800, where French called it craps. After that rules and odds changed many times. Few new variations of the game popped up which were simpler and faster than original Hazard. One variation – Table Off game – became especially popular with gambling establishments at the end of 19th century. At that time casino tables and a simple layout, featuring the 6 and 8, the Field, the Win and the Come bets, were introduced. However, the players could bet only with the dice against the House.

 

Finally, John H. Winn revolutionized the game and made it possible for the craps players to bet right and wrong. He improved a layout accordingly and drew a space for Don’t Pass bets. In 1931 casino gambling was legalized in the State of Nevada and Casino Craps (Las Vegas style) became popular all over the world.

 

As long as craps existed the craps players tried to beat the house anyway they could. Hundreds of betting and progressive craps systems were created, the crooked dice were used and the dream to control the perfect dice on casino tables preoccupied the brain and imagination of the crapshooters.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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